Decision Making The Rational Planning Model - 969 Words

The process of decision-making, and the models used during this process, has long been a focus in the field of Urban Planning. Part of this focus has been a discussion regarding which decision-making model is best suited for this profession. One often employed but highly controversial model for decision-making found in this field is the rational planning model. This model, which was first adopted by planners in the 1950’s and 1960’s, focuses on addressing the problems of cities and their inhabitants through a series of comprehensive and rational steps. This multi-step model assumes that following a sequence of interdependent steps will result in finding the best possible solutions for any proposed problems. Within the field of urban planning this model of decision-making is most often applied to the creation of comprehensive master plans, and it often begins with first establishing a vision for the city and creating a set of goals, in order to reach this ideal vision. This first step also includes working to identify, comprehend, and define problems that should be addressed within the master plan. One important aspect of this entire decision making process is ensuring a variety of voices are heard, so that decision makers have a shared understanding of any problems facing potential stakeholders of this process, and so that they can work towards implementing common goals. The next step of the rational planning model involves gathering information and developing a set ofShow MoreRelatedRationality Vs. Rational Rationality1257 Words   |  6 PagesRationality, a vague term that is heavily used in classic economic theory as well as planning theory, represents a ‘virtue’ that m aximize the utility. There are basically two types of rationality, one is pure rationality, the other one is pragmatic rationality. The pure rationality, often called objective rationality, however, is an unreachable, ideal status that requires perfect knowledge.(Brooks 2002) The pragmatic rationality, which as its name implies, leans more toward daily use. To achieveRead MoreThe Decision Making Of An Organization1367 Words   |  6 PagesThe Decision making Continuum- One of the manager’s most important jobs is to determine the outcome for a task. He has to decide on goals and provide assignments for employees to complete. However, it is just as important for the manager to be clear about how decisions related to these goals will be made. In leadership and management theory, decision making power can be examined using a visual model called the decision making continuum or the Tannenbaum and Schmidt continuum. This model shows howRead MoreThe Decision Making Of An Organization1367 Words   |  6 PagesThe Decision making Continuum- One of the manager’s most important jobs is to determine the outcome for a task. He has to decide on goals and provide assignments for employees to complete. However, it is just as important for the manager to be clear about how decisions related to these goals will be made. In leadership and management theory, decision making power can be examined using a visual model called the decision making continuum or the Tannenbaum and Schmidt continuum. This model shows howRead MoreDecision Making Of A Bse Veterinary Service846 Words   |  4 PagesDecision Making Companies all over the world are faced with decision daily. Some decisions are small in nature with minimal effects on the company or its employees. While other decisions have a tremendous effect on the entire company. This paper will provide a detailed description of the top three ways to make decisions, such as the rational model, the organizational process model, and the collaborative model. Also, provide some techniques for making decisions. Furthermore, one of these models willRead MoreDecision Making Techniques in Managerial Accounting876 Words   |  4 Pageseducated decisions and do their job duties efficiently. A typical manager’s responsibilities with managerial accounting include interpreting finance reports and projections and using those to make financial decisions that will affect the company. Since managers have to make routine decisions and finalize reports periodically, it is vital that they are able to conduct healthy decision making processes and are abl e to come to make quick educated conclusions. While there are plenty of decision makingRead MoreEssay about bounded rationality1006 Words   |  5 Pagesclear section headings, and clear paragraphing. NB: our example does not reach 1500 words; further paragraphs need to be written in sections 2 and 3. The Decision A mining claim of 60 miles had to be staked, and the project manager Tom Parker decided to budget 7 days and 3 assistants to do it. He based this decision on his own physical experience and skill. He was an outdoors man, skilled in all non-technical aspects of mining claims. He himself proved able to do 8 claims per dayRead MoreWhat Is Rational And Perceptual Approaches Is Critical For Effective Management?880 Words   |  4 Pagesinundated with decisions ranging from daily operational issues to long-term strategic planning. For instance, developing new products, allocating firm’s resources, creating daily and weekly goals or establishing an advertising campaign. As a result of the rapid changes in the business environment, it is essential that managers understand different decision-making models. These models can range from rationalistic, scientific to less structured, perceptual, intuitive decision-making styles. In disagreementRead MoreDecision-Making Style Summary. Snehapriya Bharatha. Mba1167 Words   |  5 Pages Decision-making Style Summary Snehapriya Bharatha MBA 505: Foundations of Management Dr. Frear January, 23, 2017 Decision-making Style Summary: Detailed understanding of the identified problems and collaborative determination of the solution is decision-making. Successful accomplishment of this task requires applying multiple steps which assist individuals to make exceptional decisions. One’s decision-making model might be different than others because there are four known decision-makingRead MoreUsing Tools For Decision Making1447 Words   |  6 PagesUsing Tools for Decision Making Organizations and its employees have to make decisions on a daily basis. Regardless of the organizational level - from the CEO to the receptionist – at some point in their careers most employees are faced with an organizational or personal dilemma. Whether the situation is personal or professional, individuals should first identify the root cause of the dilemma as part of the decision-making process; verify the real problem before attempting to generate a solutionRead MoreThe Long Term Performance And Operational Success Of A Firm1691 Words   |  7 Pagesanother important concept explained in the chapter with respect to an example using the struggling retailer, Sears. Sears succumbed to the lack of innovation, which shows that if a firm stands still, it will be run over by the competition. Strategic planning and innovation should go hand in hand, because innovation is the machine that generates business opportunities in the market and its implementation drives businesses to be remarkable. Theories of organizational adaptation is another important concept

Alzheimer s Disease A Progressive Disease - 1663 Words

Posted by FANCY KELLEY At 01/31/16 15:06 Alzheimer s disease is a progressive disease that destroys memory and other important mental functions. At first, someone with Alzheimer s disease may notice mild confusion and difficulty remembering. Eventually, people with the disease may even forget important people in their lives and undergo dramatic personality changes. Alzheimer s disease is the most common cause of dementia — a group of brain disorders that cause the loss of intellectual and social skills. In Alzheimer s disease, the brain cells degenerate and die, causing a steady decline in memory and mental function. Current Alzheimer s disease medications and management strategies may temporarily improve symptoms. This can sometimes help people with Alzheimer s disease maximize function and maintain independence for a little while longer. But because there s no cure for Alzheimer s disease, it s important to seek supportive services and tap into your support network as early as possible. At first, increasing forgetf ulness or mild confusion may be the only symptoms of Alzheimer s disease that you notice. But over time, the disease robs you of more of your memory, especially recent memories. The rate at which symptoms worsen varies from person to person. Brain changes associated with Alzheimer s disease lead to growing trouble with: Memory People with Alzheimer s may: †¢Repeat statements and questions over and over, not realizing that they ve asked theShow MoreRelatedAlzheimer s Disease : A Progressive Disease925 Words   |  4 PagesAlzheimer s disease is a progressive disease that destroys memory and other vital mental functions. Alzheimer s disease is the most common cause of dementia, a group of brain disorders that cause the loss of intellectual and social skills. AD can eventually render a person unable to function in society and to even care for themselves. Since the disease is the 6th leading cause of death in the United States constant research is being done to try to prevent it and to find a cure. Alzheimer s diseaseRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease : A Progressive Disease1667 Words   |  7 PagesAlzheimer’s Disease is a progressive disease that destroys memory and other important mental functions. Brain cells in Alzheimer’s disease dies and degenerate causing the loss of memory and mental functions. Alzheimer’s is the sixth leading cause of death in the U.S.A. Alzheimer’s Disease is named after Dr. Abis Alzheimer. In 1906, Dr. Alzheimer noticed changes in the brain tissue of a lady who had died of an unusual mental illness that was very unknown. The woman s’ symptoms included memoryRead MoreAlzheimer s A Progressive Disease865 Words   |  4 Pagesin their place: gradually losing your freedom, your memory, and your very own identity. Alzheimer’s is a progressive disease that slowly destroys the brain’s function of memory and cognition. Eventually, it terminates the person’s ability to do everyday tasks and requires the person to be under around-the-clock care. Alzheimer’s disease is named after Dr. Alois Alzheimer. In 1906, Dr. Alzheimer noticed changes in the brain tissue of a woman who had died of an unknown mental illness (â€Å"Alzheimer’sRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease : A Serious Progressive Disease1058 Words   |  5 PagesAlzheimer’s disease is a serious progressive disease. There is no cure for it. There have been an estimated 5.3 million people that had this disease in 2015. 5.1 million of those people were 65 years old or older. 200,000 of those people where under 65 and had the detection of the early stages of Alzheimer’s. Alzheimer’s Association (2015) Early detection of this disease is important and imperative in the treatment. Many patients that are suffering from Alzheimer’s Disease don’t find out from theirRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease : A Progressive Neurodegenerative Disease2372 Words   |  10 Pagesdementia is brought forward. Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a brain d isease, is the most common type of dementia, and affects majority of people 60 years or older (1,14). It is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, which only continues to worsen over time. Each individual is affected differently with symptoms and the progression. As of right now there is no cure for it (14). Biology of Alzheimer’s Disease Alzheimer’s is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, which attacks the brain. It is not knownRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease : A Progressive Degenerative Disease2632 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction Alzheimer s disease (AD) is a progressive degenerative disease of the brain from which there is no recovery. There are three brain abnormalities that are the hallmarks of the Alzheimer’s disease is initially caused by plaques buildup in the brain’s neurons as illustrated in figure 1. The support structure that allows the flow of the nutrients through the neurons gets damaged and ultimately there is loss of connection among the neurons and they die off (National Institute of Health,Read MoreAlzheimer s Disease : A Progressive Degenerative Disease Of The Brain981 Words   |  4 PagesAlzheimer’s disease is a type of dementia that gradually destroys brain cells, affecting a person’s memory and their ability to learn, make judgments, communicate and carry out basic daily activities. The disease is a progressive degenerative disease of the brain. It was first described by the German neuropathologist Alois Alzheimer in 1905 (Selkoe, 2016). The average life expe ctancy of an Alzheimers patient is between five and ten years, but some patients today have live for up to 15 years afterRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease : A Progressive Decline1240 Words   |  5 PagesAlzheimer’s disease is a progressive decline in cognitive function. It affects the brain by damaging brain cells resulting in a decreased in cognitive function, physical mobility, swallowing and fine motor skills. This disease approximately 5.1 million Americans aged sixty-five or older (Alzheimer s Association, 2015) of which approximately 700,000 will likely die this year (Alzheimer s Association, 2015) of related symptoms such as aspiration pneumonia due to decreased swallowing ability. TheRead MoreAlzheimer s Is A Progressive Disease973 Words   |  4 Pagesaffected as well as those who may be caring for them and their families. This change is that of the disease Alzheimer’s. Alzheimer’s is a progressive disease that destroys memory and other important menta l functions. This disease affects more than 5 million Americans and continues to increase. With this disease on the increase, it begs the question if there is a way to prevent this debilitating disease or at least some kind of early diagnosis. Though there is no concrete way to determine the etiologyRead MoreAlzheimer s Is A Progressive Disease1630 Words   |  7 Pagesfor her but also for everyone around us. Alzheimer’s doesn’t affect only the person living with the disease but also those who care for them and love them; this is how my family is also a victim of Alzheimer’s. Alzheimer’s is a progressive disease that affects memory, thinking and behavior; making it the 6th leading cause of death in the United States. There are no treatment methods to stop the disease from progressing; therefore there is no cure. What causes most pain in families is seeing how the

Main Theories of Aggression Free Essays

Outline and assess the main theories of aggression Aggression is an act of hostility with deliberate intention to harm another person against his or her will. Some psychologists believe that aggression is an important aspect of our evolutionary ancestry and it is understood better in that context, whereas others believe that aggression is best explained in physiological terms e. g. We will write a custom essay sample on Main Theories of Aggression or any similar topic only for you Order Now the imbalance of hormones or neurotransmitters in the brain. There are many definitions used to explain why humans/ animals become aggressive (http://www. essortment. com/all/whatisaggress_rxeo. tm). In the social learning theory (SLT) of aggression, Bandura (1962) suggested that the expression of aggression is learnt through social learning not ignoring the fact that the potential for the human aggression was biological. Bandura claimed that we learn specific aggressive behaviours for example, the form in which the aggression takes and how it is addressed to the target. Skinner, 1953 suggested that a child learns the aggressive behaviour through direct reinforcement while Bandura argues that a child learns by observing role models indirectly. Moreover, the SLT can be used to explain other behaviours such as eating disorders, personality etc. Research carried out by Phillip (1986) suggested the daily homicide rate in the US almost increased in the following of a major boxing match this suggested that the viewers were imitating the behaviour they watched from their ‘role models’. This clear shows that the SLT can also be used to explain the behaviour of both the children and adults. This is because aggressive behaviour is witnessed at home and at school as well as through the media i. . reading books, watching television and listening to a certain type of music. By observing the consequences of other’s actions, children learn the aggressive behaviour indirectly. This whole process is known as the ‘vicarious reinforcement’ whereby a child learns the likely outcome of the aggressive behaviour and from that observation; they obtain the behaviour that is considered appropriate. Not only does a c hild learn the behaviour but the child also observes if the behaviour is worth repeating. In the future, the child is likely to repeat the behaviour when the expectation of a reward is greater than the expectations of being punished (Bandura, 1962). Looking at the Bobo doll studies, Bandura et al found that children who watched an aggressive model became more aggressive and imitated the behaviour portrayed by the model. This is clear evidence to support the SLT for the fact a child learnt the aggressive behaviour by observing the ‘role’ model. On the other hand, the aggression was imposed towards a ‘doll’ affecting the reliability of the conclusion because this was a ‘still’ figure that could not use self-defence. As a result to this, Bandura repeated the study using a film of woman hitting a live clown, therefore this influenced the children to also hit a live clown when given the opportunity. This can explain the cultural differences, for the fact that societies such as the US are highly violent compared to other pygmies of central Africa who manage to live in cooperative friendliness (Aronson, 1999). These findings could be explained by the differences due to social learning whereby the different societies influence the behaviour of the two cultures. However, people also react differently in term of different situations because aggressive behaviour is rewarded in certain situations than others (i. e. Competitive sports such rugby, boxing etc. ). The appropriate behaviour is learnt for particular situations. Moreover, aggression could also be explained as a result of the loss of personal identity this could be due to the relative anonymity of being in a crowd or wearing a uniform. The Stanford Prison Experiment illustrates this effect; this is whereby Zimbardo showed how the guards who were deindividuated by mirrored glasses and uniforms behaved aggressively towards the prisoners. The Stanford Prison Experiment is an empirical support for the deindividuated theory because it shows how the behaviour of the ‘normal’ students changed after they had been assigned to adopt the role of guards. However, the brutality could be explained in terms of the perceived social roles because they were not shown the exact way that the ‘actual’ guards behaved. Psychologist Zimbardo believes that deindividuated people are likely to behave aggressively because the loss of a sense in the individual can lead to reduced self- restraint. This in turn leads to impulsive and deviant behaviour and a less concern over negative evaluation from others. Being anonymous in a crowd has the psychological consequence of reducing restraints and increasing behaviours that are usually inhibited. Prentice- Dunn and Rogers (1982) suggested that an increase in aggressive behaviour following deindividuation might be caused by the reduced privacy rather than public self- awareness, i. . becoming less self-aware rather than being anonymous to others. A problem for the theory is that deindividuation does not always lead to aggression, and may actually lead to pro-social behaviour. In a meta- analysis of 60 studies of deindividuation, Postmes and Spears (1998) found that deindividuation does not always lead to aggression for example, an individual part of an angry mo b is likely to behave aggressively while a member of a peace rally is likely to become to peaceful. This clearly shows that frustration leads to aggression. Frustration determines whether aggression is effective in that situation. Dollard et al (1939) outlined the frustration-aggression theory suggesting that frustration leads to aggression and that aggression is forced by the aggression. Therefore, aggression is the consequence of generalised physiological arousal. How to cite Main Theories of Aggression, Papers